You can not control this within TeX but web2c based implementations have
% It's probably inadvisable to change these. At any rate, we must have:
% 45 < error_line < 255;
% 30 < half_error_line < error_line - 15;
% 60 <= max_print_line;
% These apply to TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost.
error_line = 79
half_error_line = 50
max_print_line = 79
These settings are usually set in a texmf.cnf file but you can also set them on the commandline so
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
\typeout{+123456789+123456789+123456789+123456789+123456789+123456789+123456789+123456789+123456789+123456789}
\end{document}
produces
$ pdflatex bb076
This is pdfTeX, Version 3.141592653-2.6-1.40.23 (TeX Live 2022/dev) (preloaded format=pdflatex)
restricted \write18 enabled.
entering extended mode
(./bb076.tex
LaTeX2e <2021-06-01> patch level 1
L3 programming layer <2021-08-27>
(/usr/local/texlive/2021/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls
Document Class: article 2021/02/12 v1.4n Standard LaTeX document class
(/usr/local/texlive/2021/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size10.clo))
(/usr/local/texlive/2021/texmf-dist/tex/latex/l3backend/l3backend-pdftex.def)
(./bb076.aux)
+123456789+123456789+123456789+123456789+123456789+123456789+123456789+12345678
9+123456789+123456789
(./bb076.aux) )
No pages of output.
Transcript written on bb076.log.
but
$ pdflatex --cnf-line=max_print_line=100 bb076
This is pdfTeX, Version 3.141592653-2.6-1.40.23 (TeX Live 2022/dev) (preloaded format=pdflatex)
restricted \write18 enabled.
entering extended mode
(./bb076.tex
LaTeX2e <2021-06-01> patch level 1
L3 programming layer <2021-08-27> (/usr/local/texlive/2021/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls
Document Class: article 2021/02/12 v1.4n Standard LaTeX document class
(/usr/local/texlive/2021/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size10.clo))
(/usr/local/texlive/2021/texmf-dist/tex/latex/l3backend/l3backend-pdftex.def) (./bb076.aux)
+123456789+123456789+123456789+123456789+123456789+123456789+123456789+123456789+123456789+123456789
(./bb076.aux) )
No pages of output.
Transcript written on bb076.log.