There could be better or other ways of doing this - I do not know calendar well enough.
\documentclass[tikz, border=1cm]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{calendar}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[every day/.style={anchor=center}]
\coordinate (col1) at (5,0);
\coordinate (col2) at (6.5,0);
\calendar[dates=2000-01-01 to 2000-01-last,
week list]
if (equals=2000-01-03) {\draw (0,0) circle (7.5pt); \node at (col1|-0,0) {Text 1};}
if (equals=2000-01-11) {\draw (0,0) circle (7.5pt); \node at (col1|-0,0) {Text 2};}
if (equals=2000-01-16) {\draw (0,0) circle (7.5pt); \node at (col2|-0,0) {Text 3};}
;
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

Edit: First node is named and the next nodes are placed relative to that. -same output.
\documentclass[tikz, border=1cm]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{calendar}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[every day/.style={anchor=center}]
\calendar[dates=2000-01-01 to 2000-01-last,
week list]
if (equals=2000-01-03) {\draw (0,0) circle (7.5pt); \node[right=5cm] (A) {Text 1};}
if (equals=2000-01-11) {\draw (0,0) circle (7.5pt); \node at (A|-0,0) {Text 2};}
if (equals=2000-01-16) {\draw (0,0) circle (7.5pt); \node at ([xshift=1.5cm]A|-0,0) {Text 3};}
;
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
Edit: With different length text and left adjusted:
\documentclass[tikz, border=1cm]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{calendar}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[every node/.style={anchor=base west}, every day/.style={anchor=center}]
\calendar[dates=2000-01-01 to 2000-01-last,
week list]
if (equals=2000-01-03) {\draw (0,0) circle (7.5pt); \node[right=4cm] (A) {Text 1};}
if (equals=2000-01-11) {\draw (0,0) circle (7.5pt); \node at (A.west|-0,-0.1) {A very long Text 2};}
if (equals=2000-01-16) {\draw (0,0) circle (7.5pt); \node at ([xshift=3cm]A|-0,-0.1) {Text 3};}
;
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

Text 1a name and reference that when placingText 2, same for the next. You could also doif (Sunday) [days={alias=lastSunday}]and uselastSundayas a reference for the right-most day in the calendar. (Obviously only works from the second week on.)week listshifts the coordinate system about the value ofday xshiftto the right, you could offset that, of course depending on the day of the week. – Qrrbrbirlbel Dec 15 '22 at 15:00(A)and reference it (a few weeks ago), but that did't work for me – user1 Dec 15 '22 at 15:09