If I understand your question right, you want to load the calligraphic math fonts \mathcal and black board bold math fonts \mathbb from txfonts, while using Computer Modern for everything else in the document. This situation is exactly what the mathalpha package is designed for.
In your case, you should be able to accomplish what you want with
\usepackage[cal=pxtx,bb=tx]{mathalpha}
If you want to just load the txfonts double-struck and calligraphic letters in addition to Computer Modern, you can do something like
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathcaltx}{U}{tx-cal}{m}{n}
\DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathbbtx}{OT1}{tx-ds}{m}{n}
\begin{document}
$\mathbbtx{ABCabc} = \mathbb{ABC}$
$\mathcaltx{ABC} = \mathcal{ABC}$
\end{document}
Be aware however that TeX has a limit to how many math alphabets you can use.