If you're using one of the standard document class that provides \chapter (like book or report), then the following works:

\documentclass{report}
\usepackage{etoolbox}% http://ctan.org/pkg/etoolbox
%\usepackage{hyperref}% http://ctan.org/pkg/hyperref
\newcounter{subchapter}\renewcommand{\thesubchapter}{\alph{subchapter}}
\makeatletter
% \patchcmd{<cmd>}{<search>}{<replace>}{<success>}{<failure>}
\newcommand{\updatechaptercounter}{}
\patchcmd{\@chapter}{\@afterheading}{\updatechaptercounter\@afterheading}{}{}% Regular patch of \@chapter
%\patchcmd{\Hy@org@chapter}{\@afterheading}{\updatechaptercounter\@afterheading}{}{}% Hyperref patch of \@chapter
\makeatother
\providecommand{\theHchapter}{}%
\newcommand{\startsubchapters}{%
\setcounter{subchapter}{0}% Reset sub-chapter numbering
\renewcommand{\thechapter}{\arabic{chapter}\thesubchapter}% Update chapter number display
\renewcommand{\theHchapter}{\arabic{chapter}\thesubchapter}% Update chapter number display (for hyperref)
\renewcommand{\updatechaptercounter}{\addtocounter{chapter}{-1}}% Update chapter number
\let\oldchapter\chapter%
\renewcommand{\chapter}{\stepcounter{subchapter}\oldchapter}% Increment subchapter
}
\newcommand{\stopsubchapters}{%
\renewcommand{\thechapter}{\arabic{chapter}}% Reset chapter numbering
\renewcommand{\theHchapter}{\arabic{chapter}}% Reset chapter numbering (for hyperref)
\let\chapter\oldchapter% Restore regular \chapter command
\renewcommand{\updatechaptercounter}{}% Clear chapter counter update
\stepcounter{chapter}% Update chapter counter
}
\begin{document}
\tableofcontents
\chapter{First chapter}
\startsubchapters
\chapter{Second sub-chapter}
\chapter{Second sub-chapter}
\stopsubchapters
\chapter{Third chapter}
\chapter{Fourth chapter}
\end{document}
The idea behind this solution is to patch \@chapter and insert a special macro \updatechaptercounter. This macro is then redefined in a specific way, depending on whether you start the sub-chapter numbering (\startsubchapters) or stop it (\stopsubchapters).
If you're using hyperref as well, then you need to update the patch as indicated in the above MWE.
hyperref? What document class? – egreg May 01 '13 at 23:56