texdoc does not have the capabilities of a "texexample" (whatever this might be). Also example PDF's are usually less useful than the TeX code that generated the PDF file. And sometimes the PDF's are not even generated.
Nevertheless you can try option -l to find all documentation that texdoc is able to find (commands given for linux/bash as example):
$ texdoc -l moderncv
1 [...]/texmf-dist/doc/latex/moderncv/README
= Readme
2 [...]/texmf-dist/doc/latex/moderncv/CHANGELOG
3 [...]/texmf-dist/doc/latex/moderncv/KNOWN_BUGS
In this case it does not show any examples, but you get the path to the documentation:
$ ls -1p [...]/texmf-dist/doc/latex/moderncv/
CHANGELOG
examples/
KNOWN_BUGS
README
And the directory examples/ is probably what you are looking for:
$ ls -1p [...]/texmf-dist/doc/latex/moderncv/examples/
picture.eps
picture.jpg
publications.bib
template_banking_red.pdf
template_casual_orange.pdf
template_classic_green.pdf
template-es.pdf
template-es.tex
template_multibib.pdf
template_oldstyle_grey.pdf
template.tex
template-zh.pdf
template-zh.tex