The editor (TeXMaker) is irrelevant to the question.
In MiKTeX settings, if you chose "Install missing packages on the fly", it means that MiKTeX will do automatic installation for any file requested during compilation that is in its file name database.
More clearly, if you're running (pdf|xe|lua)(la)tex etc., and the engine tries to load a file that is not on the computer, MiKTeX will check the file name database online. If it finds the file, it suspends the compilation and downloads the package containing that file.
If you type kpsewhich --help in the command prompt, it will give you a list of all the file types it handles. (I don't know if automatic package installation works for all of them.)
So yes, packages, classes and fonts etc. can be installed on the fly.
You can also install packages from the command line:
mpm --verbose --install <package>
clsfile and only you will use it you can save it in the same folder as yourtexdocument. TeX will find it there. – Sigur Nov 12 '13 at 21:37