The font Inconsolata does not have an italic or slanted variant (June 2014).
Some TeX engines can fake a slanted font, based on a font transformation feature of the PDF format (therefore PDF mode only).
LuaTeX/XeTeX
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\setmonofont[
AutoFakeSlant,
BoldItalicFeatures={FakeSlant},
]{Inconsolatazi4}
\begin{document}
\ttfamily
Regular
\textbf{Bold}
\textsl{Slanted}
\textit{Italics}
\textbf{\textsl{BoldSlanted}}
\textbf{\textit{BoldItalics}}
\end{document}

The slanted/italic versions are only faked. Also the italics correction is not set.
pdfTeX
A SlantFont operator can be used in the .map file.
The following Perl script zi4-sl.pl reads zi4.map (found via kpsewhich) and modifies the entries:
-sl is added to the font (TFM) name,
.167 SlantFont is added.
Perl script:
#!/usr/bin/env perl
use strict;
$^W=1;
my $outfile = 'zi4-sl.map';
my $infile = `kpsewhich zi4.map`;
chomp $infile;
open(IN, '<', $infile) or die "!!! Error: Cannot open `zi4.map': $!";
open(OUT, '>', $outfile) or die "!!! Error: Cannot write `$outfile': $!";
while (<IN>) {
next if /^\s*$/;
s/^([^- ]+)-([^- ]+)/$1-$2-sl/ or die "!!! Error: Cannot parse TFM name!\n";
s/ " / " .167 SlantFont / or die "!!! Error: Cannot insert SlantFont!\n";
} continue {
print OUT;
}
close(IN);
close(OUT);
__END__
The following example:
- includes the map file via
\pdfmapfile,
- defines the font shapes (would go into
.fd files normally).
\pdfmapfile{+zi4-sl.map}
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{inconsolata}
\makeatletter
\sbox0{\ttfamily x}% load .fd file
\expandafter\ifx\csname zifour@scaled\endcsname\relax
\let\zifour@scaled\@empty
\fi
\expandafter\ifx\csname zifour@opt\endcsname\relax
\def\zifour@opt{\z@}\def\zifour@altopt{\tw@}
\fi
\DeclareFontShape{\f@encoding}{zi4}{m}{sl}{%
<-> \zifour@scaled ot1-zi4r-sl-\zifour@opt}{}%
\DeclareFontShape{\f@encoding}{zi4}{m}{it}{%
<-> ssub * zi4/m/sl}{}
\DeclareFontShape{\f@encoding}{zi4}{b}{sl}{%
<-> \zifour@scaled ot1-zi4b-sl-\zifour@opt}{}
\DeclareFontShape{\f@encoding}{zi4}{bx}{sl}{%
<-> ssub * zi4/b/sl}{}
\DeclareFontShape{\f@encoding}{zi4}{b}{it}{%
<-> ssub * zi4/b/sl}{}
\DeclareFontShape{\f@encoding}{zi4}{bx}{it}{%
<-> ssub * zi4/b/sl}{}
\makeatother
\begin{document}
\ttfamily
Regular
\textbf{Bold}
\textsl{Slanted}
\textit{Italics}
\textbf{\textsl{BoldSlanted}}
\textbf{\textit{BoldItalics}}
\end{document}
Finally the TFM files are needed. A poor man's solution is to use the TFM files for the original fonts. The example would need (bash syntax):
cp $(kpsewhich ot1-zi4r-0.tfm) ot1-zi4r-sl-0.tfm
cp $(kpsewhich ot1-zi4b-0.tfm) ot1-zi4b-sl-0.tfm

Again, the slanted and italic variants are only faked. Also the italics correction is missing, but it could be added by editing the .tfm files.
\normalfont. – Werner Jun 04 '14 at 23:12