It's really easier: \left and \right form a group, so setting the color immediately before \right will do.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\begin{document}
\begin{equation}
\left(\frac{44}{55}\color{red}\right)+2
\end{equation}
\end{document}

For coloring also the left delimiter, you can save the color before changing it:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\begin{document}
\begin{equation}
\begingroup
\colorlet{savedleftcolor}{.}
\color{blue}\left(\color{savedleftcolor}
\frac{44}{55}\color{red}\right)
\endgroup
+2
\end{equation}
\end{document}

A generalized version:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\newcommand{\cleft}[2][.]{%
\begingroup\colorlet{savedleftcolor}{.}%
\color{#1}\left#2\color{savedleftcolor}%
}
\newcommand{\cright}[2][.]{%
\color{#1}\right#2\endgroup
}
\begin{document}
\begin{equation}
\cleft[blue](\frac{44}{55}\cright[red])
+
\cleft[red](\frac{44}{55}\cright)
\end{equation}
\end{document}
Note that \cleft{[} is needed for having the bracket, if no color is specified, or \cleft\lbrack.
Don't try closing \cleft with \right or \left with \cright.

\right)in the group without\left(. – m0nhawk Aug 07 '14 at 09:35