The problem is solved, by using titletoc. I give n answer combined with a use of the package fncychap and option Glenn. Using the following commands on the examples given above, gives a good form...
\usepackage[Glenn]{fncychap}
\ChNumVar{\Large}% Dimension of the number of the chapter
\usepackage{titletoc}%
\titlecontents{chapter}% <section-type>
[0pt]% <left>
{\bfseries\vspace*{10pt}}% <above-code>
{\large\chaptername\ \thecontentslabel. }% <numbered-entry-format>
{}% <numberless-entry-format>
{\hfill\contentspage}% <filler-page-format>
\makeatletter
\pretocmd{\@chapter}{\begingroup \renewcommand{\thechapter}{{\words{chapter}}}}{}{}
\apptocmd{\@chapter}{\endgroup}{}{}
\makeatother
Here's the first page of the contents (The enumeration obtained by \words is in arabic الأول الثاني الثالث and the chaptername in arabic is الباب)
One can see the difference with the first page on the beginning of the document.
The page 1 of the chapter 1
On the demand of @Educ I give the complete file, with some improvements, to produce what I'm talking about (partial contents, fancy things etc)
The .tex file
\documentclass[14pt,a4paper]{book}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage{titletoc}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\usepackage{multicol}
\usepackage{titleps}
\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{paperwidth=180mm, paperheight=130mm, top=5mm, bottom=5mm}
\pagestyle{empty}
\usepackage{polyglossia}
\setmainlanguage[numerals=maghrib]{arabic}
\setotherlanguage{english}
\newfontfamily\arabicfont[Script=Arabic,Scale=1.2,AutoFakeSlant=-0.02]{Traditional Arabic}
\setsansfont[Script=Arabic,Scale=1.5]{Traditional Arabic}
\makeatletter
\pretocmd{\@chapter}{\begingroup \renewcommand{\thechapter}{{\words{chapter}}}}{}{}
\apptocmd{\@chapter}{\endgroup}{}{}
\makeatother
\titlecontents{lsection}
[2.3em]{\small}{\contentslabel{2.3em}}
{\hspace*{-2.3em}}
{}
\titlecontents{lsubsection}
[4.6em]{\small}{\contentslabel{2.3em}}
{\hspace*{-2.3em}}
{}
\titleformat{\chapter}[display]
{\normalfont\huge\bfseries}{\chaptertitlename\ \words{chapter}}{20pt}{\Huge}
\titlespacing{\chapter}
{0pt}{40pt}{-10pt}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% MACRO FOR LITERAL NUMBERING %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\newcommand\words[1]{\expandafter\xwords\csname c@#1\endcsname}
\def\xwords#1{\ifcase#1\or
الأول\or
الثاني\or
الثالث\or
الرابع\or
الخامس\or
السادس\or
السابع\or
الثامن\or
التاسع\or
العاشر\or
الحادي عشر\or
الثاني عشر\or
الثالث عشر\or
الرابع عشر\or
الخامس عشر\or
السادس عشر\or
السابع عشر\or
الثامن عشر\or
التاسع عشر\or
العشرون\or
\else
I need more words\fi}
% \usepackage{etoolbox} %% uncomment if 'etoolbox' isn't already being loaded
\makeatletter
\patchcmd{\@makechapterhead}{\thechapter}{\words{chapter}}{}{}
\makeatother
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% END MACRO FOR LITERAL NUMBERING %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% REDEFINING NAMES IN ARABIC %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\gappto\captionsarabic{\renewcommand{\contentsname}{المحتويات}}
\gappto\captionsarabic{\renewcommand{\chaptername}{الباب}}
\gappto\captionsarabic{\def\figurename{رسم}}
\gappto\captionsarabic{\renewcommand{\tablename}{جدول}}
\gappto\captionsarabic{\renewcommand{\indexname}{\textbf{الثبت}}}
\gappto\captionsarabic{\renewcommand{\appendixname}{\textbf{الملحق}}}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% MACRO FOR PARTIAL CONTENTS %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% start of Werner's code
% http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/37732/3954
\setlength{\columnseprule}{0.1pt}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd{\endmulticols}{\par}{\par\xdef\@@tpd{\the\prevdepth}}{}{}
\newenvironment{multicolumns}[1]
{% \begin{multicolumns}{<cols>}
\par\nobreak % don't break a page here
\kern\dimexpr\the\prevdepth+\multicolsep\relax % don't take into account the depth of the preceding line + #2
{\columnseprulecolor\hrule height 0.4pt} % the rule, same width as \columnseprule
\kern-\multicolsep % space after the rule
\nointerlineskip % no additional space after the rule
\begin{multicols}{#1}
}
{% \end{multicolumns}
\end{multicols}%
\par\nobreak % don't break a page here
\kern\dimexpr\@@tpd-\multicolsep\relax % don't take into account the depth of the preceding line + #2
{\columnseprulecolor\hrule height 0.4pt} % the rule, same width as \columnseprule
\kern\multicolsep % space after the rule
\nointerlineskip % no additional space after the rule
}
\makeatother
% end of Werner's code
%%% Commands for generateing the ptc
\newcommand\buildptc{%
\vspace*{-40pt}
\startcontents[chapter]
{\large\noindent\bf
المحتوى}
\vspace*{-5pt}
\begin{multicolumns}{2}
\printcontents[chapter]{l}{0}{\setcounter{tocdepth}{1}}
\end{multicolumns}%
%%%\vspace*{-40pt}
\vspace*{5pt}
}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% END MACRO FOR PARTIAL CONTENTS %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% REDEFINES \THECHAPTER IN CONTENTS
\makeatletter
\pretocmd{\@chapter}{\begingroup \renewcommand{\thechapter}{{\words{chapter}}}}{}{}
\apptocmd{\@chapter}{\endgroup}{}{}
\makeatother
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \usepackage{titletoc}%
\titlecontents{chapter}% <section-type>
[0pt]% <left>
{\bfseries\vspace*{10pt}}% <above-code>
{\normalsize\chaptername\ \thecontentslabel.\;}% <numbered-entry-format>
{}% <numberless-entry-format>
{\normalsize\hfill\contentspage}% <filler-page-format>
\usepackage[Glenn]{fncychap}
\ChNumVar{\Large}% Dimension of the number of the chapter in the first page... instead of the default...\ChNumVar{\Huge}
\begin{document}
\chapter{التحليل التوافقي}
\buildptc
\section{مقدّمة}
\section{المبدأ الأساسي للعد}
\chapter{مسلّمات الاحتمالات}
\buildptc
\section{مقدّمة}
\section{فراغ العينة و الحوادث}
\section[مسلّمات الاحتمالات]{مسلّمات الاحتمالات\hfill\normalsize \LR{Axioms of Probability}}
\stopcontents[chapter]
\end{document}
and it's compilation, with xelatex
