pdfTeX in PDF mode provide \pdfsavepos, which stores the current position that can be written to the .aux file and used the next TeX run. Also XeTeX and LuaTeX provide this features. There are some limitations:
- XeTeX's right to left mode is somewhat broken.
Graphics state changes, that do not use the pdfTeX interfaces (\pdfsetmatrix, \pdfsave, \pdfrestore) interfere with the position recording.
Absolute values are not well defined, thus relative values are preferred.
Package zref-savepos of project zref provides an interface to the positioning feature:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{zref-savepos}
\newcommand*{\currpos}[1]{%
\zsavepos{#1}%
(\zposx{#1}sp, \zposy{#1}sp) =
(\the\dimexpr\zposx{#1}sp\relax, \the\dimexpr\zposy{#1}sp\relax)%
}
\begin{document}
\leavevmode
\currpos{posA}
text text text text \newline
\currpos{posB}
text text text text \newline
\currpos{posC}
\end{document}
Result after two compile runs:

tabtopackage can do this with horizontal positioning, using, for example,\tabto*{\TabPrevPos}to move to that location, with\TabPrevPoscontaining the LaTeX length from left margin to the saved location.. – Steven B. Segletes Nov 03 '15 at 19:24