\documentclass[a4paper, 12pt]{article}
\usepackage{amsmath,latexsym, amssymb}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[frenchb]{babel}
\usepackage{times}
\begin{document}
On différentie l'égalité: $f(a,b) = f(x,y) = f(x, \phi (x))$ par rapport à $x$:
\begin{align}
df_{(x, \phi x)} & \circ \begin{bmatrix}
\text{Id}_X \\
d\phi_x
\end{bmatrix} = 0
\Leftrightarrow \big( df_{(x,\phi(x))|X},df_{(x,\phi(x))|Y} \big) \circ \begin{bmatrix}
\text{Id}_X \\
d\phi_x
\end{bmatrix} = 0
\end{align}
\end{document}
Why is there "(1)" at the end of the line even though it didn't appear in the code? How to get rid of it?

\begin{equation*}...\end{equation*}instead ofalign. Remove the&that serves no purpose in thatalign(and would be wrong inequation`). – egreg Mar 02 '16 at 23:50align*environment (with a star). – Bernard Mar 02 '16 at 23:50timeswhich is obsolete and doesn't change the math font (Computer Modern is rather ugly with Times). Usemathptmxinstead, or, better, the pairnewtxmath, newtxtext. – Bernard Mar 03 '16 at 00:17\[ ...]. the environmentequationis exactly equivalent to that. the` specifies that no equation number is to be applied to a display math environment. – barbara beeton Mar 03 '16 at 02:04