Since you want to have two different layouts for the same thing - \chapters - you'll have to insert content into the ToC at specific times so the formatting occurs dynamically.
Below I've patched \frontmatter and \mainmatter to do exactly that. Each command inserts something specific into the ToC. \frontmatter updates \cftchapterfont by appending to it a font change (\itshape) as well as centering it (via \hfill). The reason for a single \hfill centering the content is because the typical leader that follows a chapter entry already adds a rubber fill. As such, adding one before centres it. A small adjustment has to be made to centre it perfectly, as there is no page number on the left of the entry. We merely add a blank page entry to achieve this.

\documentclass{memoir}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\chapterstyle{thatcher}
\makeatletter
\let\oldcftchapterfont\cftchapterfont% Save ToC-related chapter entry font
\g@addto@macro\frontmatter{%
\addtocontents{toc}{% Update chapter entry font
\protect\g@addto@macro\protect\cftchapterfont{\protect\cftchapterformatpnum{}\hfill\itshape}%
}%
}
\g@addto@macro\mainmatter{%
\addtocontents{toc}{% Restore chapter entry font
\let\protect\cftchapterfont\protect\oldcftchapterfont%
}%
}
\makeatother
\begin{document}
\frontmatter
\tableofcontents*
\chapter{Apresentação}
\chapter{Dedicatória}
\chapter{Agradecimentos}
\chapter{Introdução}
\mainmatter
\chapter{Preparação}
\chapter{Conhecimento}
\chapter{Influências}
\end{document}
The above solution can be modified slightly to obtain a centred-left alignment as well:

\documentclass{memoir}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{eqparbox}
\chapterstyle{thatcher}
\makeatletter
\let\oldcftchapterfont\cftchapterfont% Save ToC-related chapter entry font
\g@addto@macro\frontmatter{%
\addtocontents{toc}{% Update chapter entry font
\protect\g@addto@macro\protect\cftchapterfont{\protect\cftchapterformatpnum{}\hfill\itshape
\protect\eqmakebox[tocfm][l]}%
}%
}
\g@addto@macro\mainmatter{%
\addtocontents{toc}{% Restore chapter entry font
\let\protect\cftchapterfont\protect\oldcftchapterfont%
}%
}
\makeatother
\begin{document}
\frontmatter
\tableofcontents*
\chapter{Apresentação}
\chapter{Dedicatória}
\chapter{Agradecimentos}
\chapter{Introdução}
\mainmatter
\chapter{Preparação}
\chapter{Conhecimento}
\chapter{Influências}
\end{document}
I've inserted a \eqmakebox[tocfm][l] in front of every toc entry that forms part of the front matter. Since memoir surrounds its ToC entries with braces, \eqmakebox will pick this up as a complete argument, left-aligning each entry while also centering it as before.
eqparbox's \eqmakebox[<tag>][<pos>]{<stuff>} aligns all <stuff> with the same <tag> using <pos>.