OK, so I had an obvious idea to accomplish part of what I wanted. I just had to comment out the command that includes the picture (duh!). For example:
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
%\resizebox{17cm}{!}{\includegraphics[scale=1]{myfigure.png}}
\caption{Caption for my figure.}
\label{fig:myfigure}
\end{figure}
This "hides" the figure at the end of the PDF and only displays the caption. Apparently, the command to prevent displaying one caption per page is the following:
\renewcommand{\efloatseparator}{\mbox{}}
However, for some unknown reason, I have three captions displayed on one page, and two captions displayed on another (!) as shown below.


I can't figure out why this is happening. It looks strange. If I can't get that fixed, I'll just go with the option of displaying one caption per page.
Edit
As suggested below, this can be "fixed" with the following command:
\setcounter{totalnumber}{10}
endfloat, which you've already discovered.) – barbara beeton Dec 12 '16 at 16:56