I think the issue here is a missunderstanding.
Please have a look to the line
5/13em/accent!10/\footnotesize\\ Compétences Génie logiciel,
and have a look to the following line from altacv.cls
\foreach \value/\width/\colour/\name in {#4} {
% and later we found
... text width=\width ...
You can see that \width, the second value in the line 13em is used to define the length of the shown text \footnotesize\\ Compétences Génie logiciel.
That is the reason you get the following result

Now you can use for example (see code changings marked with <======)
\wheelchart{1.9cm}{0.7cm}{% <=========================================== {1.5cm}{0.5cm}
7/10em/accent!30/Modélisation \ UML,
25/9em/accent!60/ Programmation orientée \ Objets,
5/10em/accent!10/\footnotesize\\ Compétences Génie logiciel, % <====== 5/13em -> 5/10em
20/15em/accent!40/Algorithmique,
5/8em/accent!20/\footnotesize XML,
30/9em/accent/Python /& bibliothèques annexes,
5/8em/accent!20/Qt
}
to get the wheel better centered in the cv.
With the complete code
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% This is an example CV created using altacv.cls (v1.1.5, 1 December 2018) written by
% LianTze Lim (liantze@gmail.com), based on the
% Cv created by BusinessInsider at http://www.businessinsider.my/a-sample-resume-for-marissa-mayer-2016-7/?r=US&IR=T
%
%% It may be distributed and/or modified under the
%% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3
%% of this license or (at your option) any later version.
%% The latest version of this license is in
%% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
%% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
%% version 2003/12/01 or later.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% If you are using \orcid or academicons
%% icons, make sure you have the academicons
%% option here, and compile with XeLaTeX
%% or LuaLaTeX.
% \documentclass[10pt,a4paper,academicons]{altacv}
%% Use the "normalphoto" option if you want a normal photo instead of cropped to a circle
% \documentclass[10pt,a4paper,normalphoto]{altacv}
\documentclass[10pt,a4paper,ragged2e]{altacv}
%% AltaCV uses the fontawesome and academicon fonts
%% and packages.
%% See texdoc.net/pkg/fontawecome and http://texdoc.net/pkg/academicons for full list of symbols. You MUST compile with XeLaTeX or LuaLaTeX if you want to use academicons.
% Change the page layout if you need to
\geometry{left=1cm,right=9cm,marginparwidth=6.8cm,marginparsep=1.2cm,top=1.25cm,bottom=1.25cm}
% Change the font if you want to, depending on whether
% you're using pdflatex or xelatex/lualatex
\ifxetexorluatex
% If using xelatex or lualatex:
\setmainfont{Lato}
\else
% If using pdflatex:
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[default]{lato}
\fi
\usepackage{fontawesome} % <============================================
% Change the colours if you want to
\definecolor{VividPurple}{HTML}{3E0097}
\definecolor{SlateGrey}{HTML}{2E2E2E}
\definecolor{LightGrey}{HTML}{666666}
\colorlet{heading}{VividPurple}
\colorlet{accent}{VividPurple}
\colorlet{emphasis}{SlateGrey}
\colorlet{body}{LightGrey}
% Change the bullets for itemize and rating marker
% for \cvskill if you want to
\renewcommand{\itemmarker}{{\small\textbullet}}
\renewcommand{\ratingmarker}{\faCircle}
%% sample.bib contains your publications
\addbibresource{sample.bib}
\begin{document}
\name{Marissa Mayer}
\tagline{Business Woman \& Proud Geek}
% Cropped to square from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marissa_Mayer#/media/File:Marissa_Mayer_May_2014_(cropped).jpg, CC-BY 2.0
\photo{2.5cm}{mmayer-wikipedia-cc-by-2_0}
\personalinfo{%
% Not all of these are required!
% You can add your own with \printinfo{symbol}{detail}
\email{mmayer@yahoo-inc.com}
% \phone{000-00-0000}
\mailaddress{Address, Street, 00000 County}
\location{Sunnyvale, CA}
\homepage{marissamayr.tumblr.com/}
\twitter{@marissamayer}
\linkedin{linkedin.com/in/marissamayer}
% \github{github.com/mmayer} % I'm just making this up though.
% \orcid{orcid.org/0000-0000-0000-0000} % Obviously making this up too. If you want to use this field (and also other academicons symbols), add "academicons" option to \documentclass{altacv}
}
%% Make the header extend all the way to the right, if you want.
\begin{fullwidth}
\makecvheader
\end{fullwidth}
%% Depending on your tastes, you may want to make fonts of itemize environments slightly smaller
\AtBeginEnvironment{itemize}{\small}
%% Provide the file name containing the sidebar contents as an optional parameter to \cvsection.
%% You can always just use \marginpar{...} if you do
%% not need to align the top of the contents to any
%% \cvsection title in the "main" bar.
\cvsection[mmayer-p1sidebar]{Experience}
\cvevent{President \& CEO}{Yahoo!}{July 2012 -- Ongoing}{Sunnyvale, CA}
\begin{itemize}
\item Led the \$5 billion acquisition of the company with Verizon -- the entity which believed most in the immense value Yahoo!\ has created
\item Acquired Tumblr for \$1.1 billion and moved the company's blog there
\item Built Yahoo's mobile, video and social businesses from nothing in 2011 to \$1.6 billion in GAAP revenue in 2015
\item Tripled the company's mobile base to over 600 million monthly active users and generated over \$1 billion of mobile advertising revenue last year
\end{itemize}
\divider
\cvevent{Vice President of Location \& Services}{Google}{Oct 2010 -- July 2012}{Palo Alto, CA}
\begin{itemize}
\item Position Google Maps as the world leader in mobile apps and navigation
\item Oversaw 1000+ engineers and product managers working on Google Maps, Google Places and Google Earth
\end{itemize}
\divider
\cvevent{Vice President of Search Products \& UX}{Google}{2005 -- 2010}{Palo Alto, CA}
\divider
\cvevent{Product Manager \& UI Lead}{Google}{Oct 2001 -- July 2005}{Palo Alto, CA}
\begin{itemize}
\item Appointed by the founder Larry Page in 2001 to lead the Product Management and User Interaction teams
\item Optimized Google's homepage and A/B tested every minor detail to increase usability (incl.~spacing between words, color schemes and pixel-by-pixel element alignment)
\end{itemize}
\cvsection{A Day of My Life}
% Adapted from @Jake's answer from http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/82729/226
% \wheelchart{outer radius}{inner radius}{
% comma-separated list of value/text width/color/detail}
% Some ad-hoc tweaking to adjust the labels so that they don't overlap
\wheelchart{1.9cm}{0.7cm}{% <=========================================== {1.5cm}{0.5cm}
7/10em/accent!30/Modélisation \ UML,
25/9em/accent!60/ Programmation orientée \ Objets,
5/10em/accent!10/\footnotesize\\ Compétences Génie logiciel, % <====== 5/13em -> 5/10em
20/15em/accent!40/Algorithmique,
5/8em/accent!20/\footnotesize XML,
30/9em/accent/Python /& bibliothèques annexes,
5/8em/accent!20/Qt
}
\end{document}
you get the better result:
