Quick and dirty.
\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{tikz-cd}
\usepackage{faktor}
\begin{document}
I'd like the first line of the following diagram to be aligned like the first line of the second diagram, with the parentheses centered:
\[
\begin{tikzcd}[row sep={0cm}, column sep={2cm}]
\raisebox{-0.8em}{$\faktor{\begin{Bmatrix}
\text{Rivestimenti connessi} \\
\text{per archi di $(X,x_0)$}
\end{Bmatrix}}{\cong_b}$} \arrow[r, "\phi", leftrightarrow] &
\begin{Bmatrix}
\text{Sottogruppi di} \\
\text{$\pi_1(X,x_0)$}
\end{Bmatrix} \\
\Bigl(p \colon (\tilde{X},\tilde{x}_0) \to (X,x_0)\Bigr) \arrow[r, mapsto] & p_*\bigl(\pi_1(\tilde{X},\tilde{x}_0)\bigr)
\end{tikzcd}
\]
Second diagram:
\[
\begin{tikzcd}[row sep={0cm}, column sep={2cm}]
\begin{Bmatrix}
\text{Rivestimenti connessi} \\
\text{per archi di $(X,x_0)$}
\end{Bmatrix} \arrow[r, "\phi", leftrightarrow] &
\begin{Bmatrix}
\text{Sottogruppi di} \\
\text{$\pi_1(X,x_0)$}
\end{Bmatrix} \\
\Bigl(p \colon (\tilde{X},\tilde{x}_0) \to (X,x_0)\Bigr) \arrow[r, mapsto] & p_*\bigl(\pi_1(\tilde{X},\tilde{x}_0)\bigr)
\end{tikzcd}
\]
\end{document}

If you do not want to guess this value but compute it, you can do so as follows (with some tricks from this answer):
\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{tikz-cd}
\usetikzlibrary{calc}
\usepackage{faktor}
\begin{document}
I'd like the first line of the following diagram to be aligned like the first line of the second diagram, with the parentheses centered:
\[
\begin{tikzcd}[row sep={0cm}, column sep={2cm},execute at end picture={%
\path let \p1=($(\tikzcdmatrixname-1-2.north)-(\tikzcdmatrixname-1-1.north)$)
in \pgfextra{\typeout{required\space raise=\y1}};}]
\raisebox{-7.25006pt}{$\faktor{\begin{Bmatrix}
\text{Rivestimenti connessi} \\
\text{per archi di $(X,x_0)$}
\end{Bmatrix}}{\cong_b}$} \arrow[r, "\phi", leftrightarrow] &
\begin{Bmatrix}
\text{Sottogruppi di} \\
\text{$\pi_1(X,x_0)$}
\end{Bmatrix} \\
\Bigl(p \colon (\tilde{X},\tilde{x}_0) \to (X,x_0)\Bigr) \arrow[r, mapsto] & p_*\bigl(\pi_1(\tilde{X},\tilde{x}_0)\bigr)
\end{tikzcd}
\]
Second diagram:
\[
\begin{tikzcd}[row sep={0cm}, column sep={2cm}]
\begin{Bmatrix}
\text{Rivestimenti connessi} \\
\text{per archi di $(X,x_0)$}
\end{Bmatrix} \arrow[r, "\phi", leftrightarrow] &
\begin{Bmatrix}
\text{Sottogruppi di} \\
\text{$\pi_1(X,x_0)$}
\end{Bmatrix} \\
\Bigl(p \colon (\tilde{X},\tilde{x}_0) \to (X,x_0)\Bigr) \arrow[r, mapsto] & p_*\bigl(\pi_1(\tilde{X},\tilde{x}_0)\bigr)
\end{tikzcd}
\]
\end{document}

faktorpackage. – egreg Jun 01 '19 at 20:14