Overleaf Tech Support was able to provide a workable solution.
The solution was similar to the solution described here but sourceserifpro requires slightly different handling.
Adding the following to latexmkrc enables the T1 encoded fonts.
$ENV{'TEXINPUTS'}='./sourceserifpro/tex/:' . $ENV{'TEXINPUTS'};
$ENV{'TFMFONTS'}='./sourceserifpro/fonts/:' . $ENV{'TFMFONTS'};
$ENV{'ENCFONTS'}='./sourceserifpro/fonts/:' . $ENV{'ENCFONTS'};
$ENV{'T1FONTS'}='./sourceserifpro/fonts/:' . $ENV{'T1FONTS'};
$ENV{'VFFONTS'}='./sourceserifpro/fonts/:' . $ENV{'VFFONTS'};
$ENV{'TEXFONTMAPS'}='./sourceserifpro/fonts/:' . $ENV{'TEXFONTMAPS'};
The $ENV{'VFFONTS'} line is not included in the previous solution.
Likewise, the following lines should be added to the preamble, changing options as desired.
\pdfmapfile{+SourceSerifPro.map}
\usepackage[default,semibold,osf]{sourceserifpro}
Unfortunately, ligatures do no work correctly. Some are render and a box with an x in it, others are rendered totally incorrectly. For instance, the characters ff are being replaced with the ft ligature.
Note, all the above was compiled with pdfLaTeX
The ultimate solution was to switch to the XeLaTex compiler and to use the OpenType versions of sourceserifpro.
In order to enable the OpenType version, the contents of latexmkrc was changed to
$ENV{'TEXINPUTS'}='./sourceserifpro/tex/:' . $ENV{'TEXINPUTS'};
$ENV{'TFMFONTS'}='./sourceserifpro/fonts/:' . $ENV{'TFMFONTS'};
$ENV{'ENCFONTS'}='./sourceserifpro/fonts/:' . $ENV{'ENCFONTS'};
$ENV{'T1FONTS'}='./sourceserifpro/fonts/:' . $ENV{'T1FONTS'};
$ENV{'VFFONTS'}='./sourceserifpro/fonts/:' . $ENV{'VFFONTS'};
$ENV{'TEXFONTMAPS'}='./sourceserifpro/fonts/:' . $ENV{'TEXFONTMAPS'};
$ENV{'OPENTYPEFONTS'}='./sourceserifpro/fonts/:' . $ENV{'OPENTYPEFONTS'};
Adding the $ENV{'OPENTYPEFONTS'} line to the T1 solution.
The preamble lines from the T1 solution are still required in the primary .tex file.
The downside of switching to XeLaTeX is that many of the features of microtype are not supported.
My project appears to also work with LuaLaTeX. This means that more, but sadly not all, of the pdfLaTeX microtype features are working. In order to get it to compile with LuaLaTeX you must delete the aforementioned line
\pdfmapfile{+SourceSerifPro.map}
as it is not needed with LuaLaTeX.
.fd,.tfmetc files in the updated version. As there are a lot of such files I'm not sure if it'll be really feasible. If you can use XeLaTeX or LuaLaTeX, then usingfontspecwould be the easiest solution: you just need to upload the necessary.ttffiles, and you don't need to build any font files yourself. – imnothere Jun 22 '19 at 03:48sourceserifprowhich contains subdirectoriestex,docandfonts– agf1997 Jun 22 '19 at 13:57latexmkrcfile to your project, similar to this answer here: https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/451049/226 only replace./fontawesomewithsourceserifpro/fonts. Also add\pdfmapfile{+SourceSerifPro.map}to your .tex file's preamble. If you can't quite get it to work, it may be best to email support@overleaf.com with your project's URL so that the Overleaf support team (of which I'm a member) can have a closer look. – imnothere Jun 22 '19 at 14:11