In the following code, I have added an optional argument to \begin{frame}. If no argument is given, the resultign slide is just white, if one of the arguments Discussing, Problems or Formalizing is given, the respective word is added in a colored rectangle:

\documentclass{beamer}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\setbeamercolor{mydiscussingcolor}{fg=white,bg=blue}
\setbeamercolor{myproblemscolor}{fg=black,bg=green}
\setbeamercolor{myformalizingcolor}{fg=white,bg=red}
\BeforeBeginEnvironment{frame}{%
\setbeamertemplate{headline}{}}
\makeatletter
\define@key{beamerframe}{Discussing}[true]{%
\setbeamertemplate{headline}{\hfill%
\begin{beamercolorbox}[wd=.25\paperwidth,ht=20pt,dp=3ex,center]{mydiscussingcolor}%
\Large Discussing %
\end{beamercolorbox}%
}}
\define@key{beamerframe}{Problems}[true]{%
\setbeamertemplate{headline}{\hfill%
\begin{beamercolorbox}[wd=.25\paperwidth,ht=20pt,dp=3ex,center]{myproblemscolor}%
\Large Problems %
\end{beamercolorbox}%
}}
\define@key{beamerframe}{Formalizing}[true]{%
\setbeamertemplate{headline}{\hfill%
\begin{beamercolorbox}[wd=.25\paperwidth,ht=20pt,dp=3ex,center]{myformalizingcolor}%
\Large Formalizing %
\end{beamercolorbox}%
}}
\makeatother
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}[Discussing]
\frametitle{title}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[Problems]
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{another title}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[Formalizing]
\end{frame}
\end{document}