As mentioned in my previous answer, there is no straight forward way to do this in biblatex-sbl yet. From the next release, this answer will work, but until then you have to patch every single cite:… driver from the file sbl.cbx and every driver from sbl.bbx.
I've gone through the two files and done this for you for every entry type that biblatex-sbl supports. But it's not that hard. It's just a matter of reading through the source in sbl.cbx and sbl.bbx, seeing where the author is printed and replacing the appropriate \newunit with the context sensitive \setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}} which we can control independently based on first citation, subsequent citation, and bibliography.
I also added a redefinition of \namedashpunct and a patch to the author bibmacro to ensure that there is a colon after the name dash in the bibliography as well.
I know that it's frustrating to have to make these changes to biblatex-sbl. But you need to remember that the style is explicitly designed to do what the SBL wants and I haven't gone out of my way to make changes easy.
MWE
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[ngerman]{babel}
\usepackage[german=quotes]{csquotes}
\usepackage[style=sbl]{biblatex}
\usepackage{xpatch}
% set up nametitledelim in different contexts
\DeclareDelimFormat[none,bib,biblist]{nametitledelim}{%
\ifciteseen
{\addcomma\space}
{\addcolon\space}}
% also put colon after dash
\renewcommand*{\namedashpunct}{\addcolon\space}
\xpatchbibmacro{author}
{\renewcommand*{\namedashpunct}{\adddot\space}}
{\renewcommand*{\namedashpunct}{\addcolon\space}}
{\message{Patching `author': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `author': Failure^^J}}
% patch citation drivers
\xpatchbibdriver{cite:ancienttext}
{\newunit
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}%
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\message{Patching `cite:ancienttext': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `cite:ancienttext': Failure^^J}}
\xpatchbibdriver{cite:classictext}
{\newunit
\usebibmacro{shorttitlenohyperlink}}
{\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}%
\usebibmacro{shorttitlenohyperlink}}
{\message{Patching `cite:classictext': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `cite:classictext': Failure^^J}}
\xpatchbibdriver{cite:article}
{\newunit
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}%
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\message{Patching `cite:article': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `cite:article': Failure^^J}}
\xpatchbibdriver{cite:book}
{\newunit
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}%
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\message{Patching `cite:book': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `cite:book': Failure^^J}}
\xpatchbibdriver{cite:suppbook}
{\usebibmacro{author/editor+others/translator+others}%
\newunit}
{\usebibmacro{author/editor+others/translator+others}%
\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}}
{\message{Patching `cite:suppbook': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `cite:suppbook': Failure^^J}}
\xpatchbibdriver{cite:commentary}
{\newunit
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}%
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\message{Patching `cite:commentary': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `cite:commentary': Failure^^J}}
\xpatchbibdriver{cite:incommentary}
{\usebibmacro{author/translator+others}%
\newunit}
{\usebibmacro{author/translator+others}%
\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}}
{\message{Patching `cite:commentary': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `cite:commentary': Failure^^J}}
\xpatchbibdriver{cite:incollection}
{\newunit
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}%
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\message{Patching `cite:incollection': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `cite:incollection': Failure^^J}}
\xpatchbibdriver{cite:inlexicon}
{\usebibmacro{author/translator+others}%
\newunit}
{\usebibmacro{author/translator+others}%
\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}}
{\message{Patching `cite:inlexicon': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `cite:inlexicon': Failure^^J}}
\xpatchbibdriver{cite:inreference}
{\newunit
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}%
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\message{Patching `cite:inreference': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `cite:inreference': Failure^^J}}
\xpatchbibdriver{cite:review}
{\usebibmacro{author/translator+others}%
\newunit}
{\usebibmacro{author/translator+others}%
\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}}
{\message{Patching `cite:review': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `cite:review': Failure^^J}}
\xpatchbibdriver{cite:thesis}
{\newunit
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}%
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\message{Patching `cite:thesis': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `cite:thesis': Failure^^J}}
\xpatchbibdriver{cite:misc}
{\newunit
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}%
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\message{Patching `cite:misc': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `cite:misc': Failure^^J}}
\xpatchbibdriver{cite:conferencepaper}
{\newunit
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}%
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\message{Patching `cite:conferencepaper': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `cite:conferencepaper': Failure^^J}}
\xpatchbibdriver{cite:periodical}
{\usebibmacro{editor+others}%
\newunit}
{\usebibmacro{editor+others}%
\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}}
{\message{Patching `cite:periodical': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `cite:periodical': Failure^^J}}
\xpatchbibdriver{cite:patent}
{\newunit
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}%
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\message{Patching `cite:patent': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `cite:patent': Failure^^J}}
% patch bibliography drivers
\xpatchbibdriver{ancienttext}
{\newunit
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}%
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\message{Patching `ancienttext': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `ancienttext': Failure^^J}}
\xpatchbibdriver{article}
{\newunit
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}%
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\message{Patching `article': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `article': Failure^^J}}
\xpatchbibdriver{book}
{\newunit
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}%
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\message{Patching `book': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `book': Failure^^J}}
\xpatchbibdriver{suppbook}
{\usebibmacro{author/editor+others/translator+others}%
\newunit}
{\usebibmacro{author/editor+others/translator+others}%
\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}}
{\message{Patching `suppbook': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `suppbook': Failure^^J}}
\xpatchbibdriver{incommentary:short}
{\newunit
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}%
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\message{Patching `incommentary:short': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `incommentary:short': Failure^^J}}
\xpatchbibdriver{incollection}
{\newunit
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}%
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\message{Patching `incollection': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `incollection': Failure^^J}}
\xpatchbibdriver{inreference:short}
{\newunit
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}%
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\message{Patching `inreference:short': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `inreference:short': Failure^^J}}
\xpatchbibdriver{review}
{\usebibmacro{author/translator+others}%
\newunit
\iffieldundef{title}
{\newunit}}
{\usebibmacro{author/translator+others}%
\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}%
\iffieldundef{title}
{}}
{\message{Patching `review': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `review': Failure^^J}}
\xpatchbibdriver{thesis}
{\newunit
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}%
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\message{Patching `thesis': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `thesis': Failure^^J}}
\xpatchbibdriver{misc}
{\newunit
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}%
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\message{Patching `misc': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `misc': Failure^^J}}
\xpatchbibdriver{conferencepaper}
{\newunit
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}%
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\message{Patching `conferencepaper': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `conferencepaper': Failure^^J}}
\xpatchbibdriver{periodical}
{\usebibmacro{editor+others}%
\newunit}
{\usebibmacro{editor+others}%
\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}}
{\message{Patching `periodical': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `periodical': Failure^^J}}
\xpatchbibdriver{patent}
{\newunit
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\setunit{\printdelim{nametitledelim}}%
\usebibmacro{title}}
{\message{Patching `patent': Success^^J}}
{\message{Patching `patent': Failure^^J}}
\usepackage{filecontents}
\begin{filecontents*}{\jobname.bib}
@book{Engelmann:2013,
author = {Engelmann, Hans and Bengelmann, Franz},
title = {Die Sicht},
location = {Berlin},
publisher = {De Gruyter},
date = {2013},
series = {Gamma Omega, I. Reihe: Alpha},
shortseries = {GO.A},
number = {4},
}
@mvlexicon{TRE,
editor = {Schwertner, Siegried M.},
title = {Theologische Realenzyklopädie},
shorttitle = {TRE},
volumes = {36},
location = {Berlin and New York},
publisher = {De Gruyter},
date = {1976/2004},
shorthand = {TRE}
}
@inlexicon{Poe:1994,
author = {Poe, Edgar},
title = {Art. Dichtung},
volume = {2},
pages = {9--343},
xref = {TRE}
}
@review{Well.19,
author = {Well, Jan},
revdauthor = {Ban, Peter},
revdtitle = {Select. Tomus I, Paris 1950},
journaltitle = {Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen},
shortjournal = {GGA},
volume = {18,2},
keywords = {sekundaer},
date = {1826},
pages = {14--18},
}
@article{Wink:2000,
author = {Wink, Gert},
title = {\mkbibquote{Mega}. Anmerkungen},
shorttitle = {\mkbibquote{Mega}},
journaltitle = {Critica storia},
shortjournal = {Cs},
volume = {34,1},
date = {2000},
pages = {9--24},
sorttitle = {Mega. Anmerkungen}
}
@article{Wink:2003,
author = {Wink, Gert},
title = {\mkbibquote{Mega II}. Anmerkungen},
shorttitle = {\mkbibquote{Mega II}},
journaltitle = {Critica storia},
shortjournal = {Cs},
volume = {41,4},
date = {2003},
pages = {11--22},
sortitle = {Mega II. Anmerkungen}
}
@incollection{peterson:1993,
author = {Peterson, David},
title = {The Motif of Fulfilment and the Purpose of Luke-Acts},
shorttitle = {Motif of Fulfilment},
pages = {83-104},
volume = {1},
maintitle = {The Book of Acts in Its First Century Setting},
editor = {Winter, Bruce W.},
location = {Grand Rapids},
publisher = {Eerdmans},
date = {1993},
}
@book{Pritchard:1969,
editor = {Pritchard, James B.},
title = {Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament},
edition = {3},
location = {Princeton},
publisher = {Princeton University Press},
date = {1969},
}
\end{filecontents*}
\addbibresource{\jobname.bib}
\begin{document}
\printbiblist{abbreviations}
Die Debatten.\footnote{Siehe hierzu: \cite{Poe:1994} und \cite{Wink:2000}.}
Dies gilt analog für die Gegner.\footnote{Siehe hierzu: \cite{Wink:2003}.} Die
beiden erwähnten\footnote{Siehe hierzu: \cite{Wink:2003}.} Bezeichnungen als
„besonders“\footnote{\cite[1]{Engelmann:2013}.} verstanden
werden.\footnote{\cite[Vgl.][1]{Engelmann:2013}. Siehe auch:
\cite{peterson:1993}, \cite{Pritchard:1969} und \cite{Well.19}.}
\printbibliography
\end{document}

biblatex-sbldoes not (yet) support the standard way to deal with this (namelynametitledelimas in the linked answer). See for example https://tex.stackexchange.com/q/504377/35864. There is really no pretty way to get this done with versions ofbiblatex-sblwithoutnametitledelim. You will have to patch or modify the drivers. And indeed, earlier questions of yours already contain patches to try and getnametitledelimworking (https://tex.stackexchange.com/q/504238/35864). – moewe Aug 19 '19 at 19:25cite:reviewdriver is slightly different to the others. My previous answer at https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/504488/87678 shows the appropriate patch for thereviewentry type. Does it not work for you? To determine what the patch must be, you must look through every driver insbl.cbxand change the patch appropriately. Not all the drivers contain\newunit\usebibmacro{title}, so the standard patch mentioned in your question doesn't work. – David Purton Aug 20 '19 at 00:00