I'm using LyX (before it was TeXMaker) and I was very happy, I'm a student so you know ... not time at all.
But I see a "bug" or plausibly a mistake, my document is very beautiful all things works good ... if I don't think of the Table of contents.
It just don't appear, but let's place of the picture :

So it's strange, of course I run (compile) LyX more than twice times but nothing.
Here the picture of what is it in LyX :

Here, the code in .LyX :
#LyX 2.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
\lyxformat 544
\begin_document
\begin_header
\save_transient_properties true
\origin unavailable
\textclass article
\use_default_options true
\maintain_unincluded_children false
\language french
\language_package babel
\inputencoding utf8-plain
\fontencoding global
\font_roman "default" "default"
\font_sans "default" "default"
\font_typewriter "default" "default"
\font_math "auto" "auto"
\font_default_family default
\use_non_tex_fonts false
\font_sc false
\font_osf false
\font_sf_scale 100 100
\font_tt_scale 100 100
\use_microtype false
\use_dash_ligatures true
\graphics default
\default_output_format pdf5
\output_sync 0
\bibtex_command default
\index_command default
\paperfontsize 11
\spacing single
\use_hyperref false
\papersize a4paper
\use_geometry false
\use_package amsmath 1
\use_package amssymb 1
\use_package cancel 1
\use_package esint 1
\use_package mathdots 1
\use_package mathtools 1
\use_package mhchem 1
\use_package stackrel 1
\use_package stmaryrd 1
\use_package undertilde 1
\cite_engine basic
\cite_engine_type default
\biblio_style plain
\use_bibtopic false
\use_indices false
\paperorientation portrait
\suppress_date false
\justification true
\use_refstyle 1
\use_minted 0
\index Index
\shortcut idx
\color #008000
\end_index
\secnumdepth 1
\tocdepth 3
\paragraph_separation indent
\paragraph_indentation default
\is_math_indent 0
\math_numbering_side default
\quotes_style french
\dynamic_quotes 0
\papercolumns 1
\papersides 1
\paperpagestyle default
\bullet 0 2 13 -1
\bullet 1 2 15 -1
\bullet 2 2 12 -1
\bullet 3 2 14 -1
\tracking_changes false
\output_changes false
\html_math_output 0
\html_css_as_file 0
\html_be_strict false
\end_header
\begin_body
\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
thispagestyle{empty}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Graphics
filename DATA/logo_CESI.png
lyxscale 50
scale 40
rotateOrigin center
\end_inset
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
\backslash
[0.5cm]
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\series bold
\shape smallcaps
\size larger
CESI - École d'ingénieurs
\series default
\shape default
\size default
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
\backslash
[1.5cm]
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\shape smallcaps
\size larger
Cahier d'étude et de recherche
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
\backslash
[3cm]
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
noindent
\backslash
rule{
\backslash
linewidth}{0.5mm}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\shape smallcaps
\size huge
Type
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
noindent
\backslash
rule{
\backslash
linewidth}{0.5mm}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
\backslash
[7cm]
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Louis Margot
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
hfill
\end_layout
\end_inset
Tuteurs : G.
Renaut,
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
CPI A1
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
hfill
\end_layout
\end_inset
A.
Chabane
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
today
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset CommandInset toc
LatexCommand tableofcontents
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Part*
\noindent
\shape smallcaps
Analyse
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
test
\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Part*
\shape smallcaps
Synthèse
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
test
\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Part*
\shape smallcaps
Mots-clés
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
test
\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Part*
\shape smallcaps
Définition de la problématique
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
test
\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Part*
\shape smallcaps
Définition des contraintes
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
test
\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Part*
\shape smallcaps
Plan d'action
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
test
\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Part*
\shape smallcaps
Réalisation du plan d'action
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
test
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Part*
\shape smallcaps
Validation
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
test
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Part*
\shape smallcaps
Conclusion
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
test
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Part*
\shape smallcaps
Bilan
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
test
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Part*
\shape smallcaps
Référence
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
test
\end_layout
\end_body
\end_document
There is parameters for the table of contents ("table des matières", in french ; "Oui" = 'Yes' ; "Non" = 'No' ; "Partie" = 'Part' ; "Sous..." = 'Sub...' ; "Apparaît dans la TbM" = 'Display (show) in the ToC') :

So I'm confused. Until Monday 14 I'm in holidays so I can experiment and wait, don't feel obligated to give an answer instantly.
Thanks for reading, I hope we can found the problem and solve it.
Enjoy the life !!!