None of these answers are wrong, but I have a number of things that work well for me.
Figures, Tables, Theorems and other floats - Rather than include the code for the floats in the paper itself, I write them in separate files, that I save in relevant folders. When I put them in the paper I simple \include{file}. When I build my presentation, it is just a matter of doing the same in a frame. When doing this, however, it is important to use relative sizes rather than absolutes (i.e. .8\linewidth and not 10cm) so that things fit the page they are on.
Graphs - I work in R, so I export to LaTeX by way of Tikz. There is a Tikz module in R, and this makes it so that every graph is native to whatever medium you are using as a Tikz graphic. This also means that universal changes, such as font, will affect the graph, which is very helpful in most cases, but must be watched.
Overall Format - Papers do not generally translate well to presentations in the order that things are presented. For example, the conclusion should be up front in presentations, but some papers save the conclusion for the end. This isn't a magic show. That said, it is sometimes very helpful to write or give presentations to help build the paper, because you discover how people understand, or don't, the logic of your paper. That said, putting aside differences in styles of writing, keeping the paper and the presentation closely tied works well for me.
beamerarticle, I assume? – Mike Renfro May 14 '12 at 14:30beamerarticle, which will come in handy elsewhere, I'm sure). I am just looking for any tips/tricks/packages on making the presentation match the paper. There may not be any other than starting the beamer file from a relatively finished version of the paper then updating the presentation as the paper evolves. – Richard Herron May 14 '12 at 14:42beamerarticledoes. If you've not looked yet, see section 21.2 of the beamer user guide, particularly section 21.2.2 (Workflow). – Mike Renfro May 14 '12 at 18:35