I manage to use graphical images in both text and tables as if they were letters:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\newcommand{\inspictext}{ \includegraphics[width=0.04\textwidth]{example-image-b}}
\begin{document}
Some text \inspictext
\begin{table}
\newcommand{\inspic}{ \includegraphics[width=0.04\textwidth]{example-image-a}}
\begin{tabular}{llc}
A &\inspic \
B &\inspic \
\end{tabular}
% \caption{the symbol \inspictext is ..}
\end{table}
\end{document}
This is confirmed in the output:
I would like to use an image also in the table caption. Therefore, I uncomment the line
% \caption{the symbol \inspictext is ..}
I get an error:
! Argument of \@caption has an extra }.
<inserted text>
\par
l.14 \caption{the symbol \inspictext is ..}
How to fix?

\protect\inspictext– Phelype Oleinik Jan 12 '21 at 12:39\protect\inspictextin the argument of\caption, or define\inspictextby means of\DeclareRobustCommandinstead of\newcommand. – campa Jan 12 '21 at 12:39