I have conformed the scale and position of the macro \+ to your redefined +. Of course, it can be tuned by changing the dimensions specified, since it is composed by overlaying two "round rules", as defined in the roundrule package found only here: Is there such a thing as a `\mathrule`? (rounded endcaps). Works as is in pdflatex. The dimensions would need to be adjustment in lualatex. Doesn't work in xelatex.
The MWE shows the result in all math styles.
\documentclass{beamer}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{tgheros}
\renewcommand\familydefault{\sfdefault}
\usepackage{mathastext}
%
\makeatletter
\mathchardef\standardplus=\mathcode`+
\DeclareRobustCommand{\tauyecoplus}{%
\mathbin{\mathpalette\tauyeco@plus\relax}%
}
\newcommand{\tauyeco@plus}[2]{
\raisebox{-0.1\height}{\scalebox{1.4}{\hspace{-0.1mm}$\m@th#1\standardplus$}}%
}
\begingroup\lccode`~=`+ \lowercase{\endgroup\let~}\tauyecoplus
\AtBeginDocument{\mathcode`+="8000 }
\makeatother
%
\usepackage{roundrule,stackengine,scalerel}
\renewcommand\scriptstyleScaleFactor{.83}
\renewcommand\scriptscriptstyleScaleFactor{.66}
\newcommand\+{\mathbin{\kern1pt\ThisStyle{\ensurestackMath{%
\stackinset{c}{}{c}{}{\roundrule[2.7\LMpt]{.8\LMpt}{6.5\LMpt}}%
{\roundrule[2.7\LMpt]{6.5\LMpt}{.8\LMpt}}}}\kern1pt}}
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}
\[{+}{\+}\quad\scriptstyle +\+\quad\scriptscriptstyle+\+\]
\end{frame}
\end{document}

This of course can be made the default plus, using the same \mathcode approach as the OP was using:
\documentclass{beamer}
\usepackage{roundrule,stackengine,scalerel}
\renewcommand\scriptstyleScaleFactor{.83}
\renewcommand\scriptscriptstyleScaleFactor{.66}
\newcommand\myplus{\mathbin{\kern1pt\ThisStyle{\ensurestackMath{%
\stackinset{c}{}{c}{}{\roundrule[2.7\LMpt]{.8\LMpt}{6.5\LMpt}}%
{\roundrule[2.7\LMpt]{6.5\LMpt}{.8\LMpt}}}}\kern1pt}}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{tgheros}
\renewcommand\familydefault{\sfdefault}
\usepackage{mathastext}
%
\makeatletter
\begingroup\lccode`~=`+ \lowercase{\endgroup\let~}\myplus
\AtBeginDocument{\mathcode`+="8000 }
\makeatother
%
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}
\[a+b\quad\scriptstyle a+b\quad\scriptscriptstyle a+b\]
\end{frame}
\end{document}
