The package old-arrows has been added to TeX Live on August 25, 2015.
You don't tell what version of TeX Live is used by your TeXmaker program, but judging from the error message, the package has been installed improperly: besides the old-arrows.sty file, also the fonts have to be installed in the expected places and map files have to be updated.
Check your file system against the list below. In particular, look for oasy.map.
package: old-arrows
category: Package
shortdesc: Computer Modern old-style arrows with smaller arrowheads
longdesc: This package provides Computer Modern old-style arrows with smaller arrowheads, associated with the usual LaTeX commands. It can be used in documents that contain other amssymb arrow characters that also have small arrowheads. It is also possible to use the usual new-style Computer Modern arrows together with the old-style ones.
installed: Yes
revision: 42872
sizes: doc: 981k, run: 221k
relocatable: No
cat-version: 2.0
cat-license: lppl1.3
cat-topics: font-symbol-maths font-type1
collection: collection-fontsextra
Included files, by type:
run files:
texmf-dist/fonts/afm/public/old-arrows/oabsy10.afm
texmf-dist/fonts/afm/public/old-arrows/oabsy5.afm
texmf-dist/fonts/afm/public/old-arrows/oabsy7.afm
texmf-dist/fonts/afm/public/old-arrows/oasy10.afm
texmf-dist/fonts/afm/public/old-arrows/oasy5.afm
texmf-dist/fonts/afm/public/old-arrows/oasy6.afm
texmf-dist/fonts/afm/public/old-arrows/oasy7.afm
texmf-dist/fonts/afm/public/old-arrows/oasy8.afm
texmf-dist/fonts/afm/public/old-arrows/oasy9.afm
texmf-dist/fonts/enc/dvips/old-arrows/oasy.enc
texmf-dist/fonts/map/dvips/old-arrows/oasy.map
texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/old-arrows/oabsy10.tfm
texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/old-arrows/oabsy5.tfm
texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/old-arrows/oabsy6.tfm
texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/old-arrows/oabsy7.tfm
texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/old-arrows/oabsy8.tfm
texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/old-arrows/oabsy9.tfm
texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/old-arrows/oasy10.tfm
texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/old-arrows/oasy5.tfm
texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/old-arrows/oasy6.tfm
texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/old-arrows/oasy7.tfm
texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/old-arrows/oasy8.tfm
texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/old-arrows/oasy9.tfm
texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/old-arrows/oabsy10.pfb
texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/old-arrows/oabsy10.pfm
texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/old-arrows/oabsy5.pfb
texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/old-arrows/oabsy5.pfm
texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/old-arrows/oabsy7.pfb
texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/old-arrows/oabsy7.pfm
texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/old-arrows/oasy10.pfb
texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/old-arrows/oasy10.pfm
texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/old-arrows/oasy5.pfb
texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/old-arrows/oasy5.pfm
texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/old-arrows/oasy6.pfb
texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/old-arrows/oasy6.pfm
texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/old-arrows/oasy7.pfb
texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/old-arrows/oasy7.pfm
texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/old-arrows/oasy8.pfb
texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/old-arrows/oasy8.pfm
texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/old-arrows/oasy9.pfb
texmf-dist/fonts/type1/public/old-arrows/oasy9.pfm
texmf-dist/tex/latex/old-arrows/old-arrows.sty
doc files:
texmf-dist/doc/fonts/old-arrows/README details="Readme"
texmf-dist/doc/fonts/old-arrows/old-arrows-italian.pdf details="Package documentation (Italian)" language="it"
texmf-dist/doc/fonts/old-arrows/old-arrows-italian.tex
texmf-dist/doc/fonts/old-arrows/old-arrows.pdf details="Package documentation"
texmf-dist/doc/fonts/old-arrows/old-arrows.tex
If your TeX distribution is MiKTeX, be sure to update the font maps as an administrator as well as a user. See How can I update font map files in User mode?