Using the tocloft package, you can redefine \cftpartnumwidth:
\documentclass{scrbook}
\usepackage{tocloft}
\renewcommand\cftpartnumwidth{2cm}
\begin{document}
\tableofcontents
\setcounter{part}{2011}
\part{Test Part}
\end{document}

Another option, not requiring additional packages is to redefine \l@part as defined in scrbook.cls; here's such a possible redefinition:
\documentclass{scrbook}
\makeatletter
\renewcommand*\l@part[2]{%
\ifnum \c@tocdepth >-2\relax
\addpenalty{-\@highpenalty}%
\addvspace{2.25em \@plus\p@}%
\setlength{\@tempdima}{2cm}% original value: 2em
\if@tocleft
\ifx\toc@l@number\@empty\else
\setlength\@tempdima{0\toc@l@number}%
\fi
\fi
\begingroup
\parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth
\parfillskip -\@pnumwidth
\leavevmode
\advance\leftskip\@tempdima
\hskip -\leftskip
\usekomafont{partentry}{#1\nobreak
\usekomafont{partentrypagenumber}{\hfil\nobreak
\hb@xt@\@pnumwidth{\hss#2}}}\par
\ifnum \scr@compatibility>\@nameuse{scr@v@2.96}\relax
\endgroup
\penalty20010
\else
\penalty\@highpenalty
\endgroup
\fi
\fi
}
\makeatother
\begin{document}
\tableofcontents
\setcounter{part}{2011}
\part{Test Part}
\end{document}
tocloftwith a KOMA-Script class is not recommended and results in a warning. – cabohah Nov 02 '23 at 08:49