You could use the hf-tikz package instead. This has some nice additional features, like overlay awareness, control over height and size...
Off-topic: you don't need to load amsmath, beamer loads it automatically.
\documentclass{beamer}
\usepackage[beamer,customcolors,nofill]{hf-tikz}
\hfsetbordercolor{black}
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}
\begin{equation}
\tikzmarkin<1->{a}(0.1,-0.4)(-0.1,0.6)
\nabla \zeta_0 = -\frac{\delta r}{h^{}} \quad \text{avec :}\quad \frac{1}{h^{}} = \frac{1}{\alpha h_p} - \frac{1}{H}
\tikzmarkend{a}
\end{equation}
\end{frame}
\end{document}

Or one could use the tcolorbox package:
\documentclass{beamer}
\usepackage[most]{tcolorbox}
\tcbset{
every box/.style={
highlight math style={
colback=bg,
colframe=black
}
}
}
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}
\begin{equation}
\tcbhighmath{
\nabla \zeta_0 = -\frac{\delta r}{h^{}} \quad \text{avec :}\quad \frac{1}{h^{}} = \frac{1}{\alpha h_p} - \frac{1}{H}
}
\end{equation}
\end{frame}
\end{document}

\begin{equation*} \ovalbox{$\nabla \zeta_0 = -\frac{\delta r}{h^{*}} \ \text{avec :}\ \frac{1}{h^{*}} = \frac{1}{\alpha h_p} - \frac{1}{H}$} \ \ovalbox{$\alpha = 1 - \frac{n}{n'} \ \text{et :} \ h_p = h_0$} \end{equation*}– Waxler Sep 13 '22 at 11:02