latex/pdflatex, NewTX, and hyperref: in ⓪ and ①, the circle touches the digit

Question

Feeding

\documentclass{article}
\pagestyle{empty}
\usepackage{newtxtext}
\usepackage{hyperref}%%% it's bizarre that adding a package for referencing (and not using this package) changes the shapes of unrelated symbols
\begin{document}
\textcircled{0}\textcircled{1}
\end{document}

to [pdf]latex in TeX Live as of 2022-09-26 (not in TeX Live in Debian, version 2021.20211217-1) yields encircled digits in which the circle touches the digit:

These shapes are a no-go to us.

Notice that dropping NewTX or hyperref or both yields better encircled digits, in which the circle does NOT touch the digit:

A. Standard, i.e., without NewTX and hyperref (for our purposes tolerable shapes):

B. With NewTX only (good shapes):

C. With hyperref only (for our purposes tolerable shapes):

1. Why does including NewTX and hyperref together distort the symbols in such a bad way? Who is the culprit?

2. How to get graphically better symbols ⓪ and ① (in which the circle doesn't touch the digit, say, the symbols from item B above) if we use (for reasons not mentioned in this minimal example) [pdf]latex, NewTX, and hyperref? Naturally, we can draw a circle around the digit with picture, pstricks, or tikz or install the ancient https://ctan.org/pkg/magic , use pifont, and issue \textsmaller[2.5]{\Pisymbol{magic}{48}}} \textsmaller[2.5]{\Pisymbol{magic}{49}}, …. However, perhaps, there might be a straightforward fix of LaTeX, NewTX, or hyperref, or one could somehow use the NewTX definitions of \textcircled{0} and \textcircled{1} after hyperref (of course, one should repair the bounding boxes somehow; cf. How to repair the bounding boxes of circled digits in standard LaTeX, hyperref, NewTX, and magic?).

3. Let's assume that we need not only text-mode ⓪ and ① but also math-mode ⓪ and ①. Is there anything better and more direct than \text{\textcircled{0}}\text{\textcircled{1}}?

This post is not about UTF-8 engines (with {lua|xe}latex, we get the symbols ⓪ and ① from OTF fonts) and not about encircling anything else besides 0 and 1.

Answer 1

To answer the first question:

By default \textcircled is an encoding depending command. It has a TS1-definition with a fallback coming from OMS for the fonts whose TS1-encoding doesn't have the right support.

hyperref is not only for referencing. hyperref handles also the bookmarks, and so has to be able to translate something like \textcircled in a representation that is visible there. For this it gives \textcircled also an encoding specific definition in the PU encoding.

The default definition of \textcircled doesn't work well for newtx, so the package tries to change it, but it uses \renewcommand and that doesn't work well as hyperref then overwrites the definition again. Loading newtx after hyperref would repair this but break the command in the bookmarks. The best would probably be if newtx would redefine the fallback definition:

\documentclass{article}
\pagestyle{empty}
\usepackage{newtxtext}
\makeatletter
\DeclareTextCommand{\textcircled}{OMS}[1]{\hmode@bgroup\ooalign{%
    \hfil \raise .3ex\hbox{{%
    \normalfont
    {\scalefont{.6}\tlfstyle#1}}}% end hbox
    \hfil \crcr {\usefont{TS1}{ntxtlf}{m}{n}\char"4F}}%\textbigcircle}%
    \egroup}
\makeatother
\usepackage{hyperref}
\begin{document}
\section{\textcircled{0}\textcircled{1}}
\textcircled{0}\textcircled{1}
\end{document}