For reference, I obtain the same result as Marijn reorted in comment 1 and comment 2 on Windows with Texmaker+pdflatex. What I did:
- created a folder
confPaper
- copied
l4dc2024.cls and l4dc2024-sample.tex there (i.e. avoided a regular install)
- compiled the sample file
- MikTex-console complained
jmlr.cls is missing in my installation
- allowed its installation
- compile finished successfully
Next I copied your image and your code snippet into the sample file as a new \section{Drawings}: it compiled without problems. So, without further checks, package graphicx must be included already.
Suggestion: Check, remove or update jmlr.cls on your system. This package is available via ctan.
BTW: class jmlr.cls is loaded in line 18 \LoadClass[pmlr]{jmlr} inside of l4dc2024.cls.

\documentclass{l4dc2024}
% The following packages will be automatically loaded:
% amsmath, amssymb, natbib, graphicx, url, algorithm2e
\title[Short Title]{Full Title of Article}
\usepackage{times}
% Use \Name{Author Name} to specify the name.
% If the surname contains spaces, enclose the surname
% in braces, e.g. \Name{John {Smith Jones}} similarly
% if the name has a "von" part, e.g \Name{Jane {de Winter}}.
% If the first letter in the forenames is a diacritic
% enclose the diacritic in braces, e.g. \Name{{'E}louise Smith}
% Two authors with the same address
% \coltauthor{\Name{Author Name1} \Email{abc@sample.com}\and
% \Name{Author Name2} \Email{xyz@sample.com}\
% \addr Address}
% Three or more authors with the same address:
% \coltauthor{\Name{Author Name1} \Email{an1@sample.com}\
% \Name{Author Name2} \Email{an2@sample.com}\
% \Name{Author Name3} \Email{an3@sample.com}\
% \addr Address}
% Authors with different addresses:
\author{%
\Name{Author Name1} \Email{abc@sample.com}\
\addr Address 1
\AND
\Name{Author Name2} \Email{xyz@sample.com}\
\addr Address 2%
}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\begin{abstract}%
An abstract would go here.%
\end{abstract}
\begin{keywords}%
List of keywords%
\end{keywords}
\section{Introduction}
\begin{itemize}
\item Limit the main text (not counting references) to 10 PMLR-formatted pages, using this template.
\item Include {\em in the main text} enough details, including proof details, to convince the reviewers of the contribution, novelty and significance of the submissions.
\end{itemize}
\section{Drawings} % <<< only new section here
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{check.png}
\caption{this is a test}
\label{test}
\end{figure}
\acks{We thank a bunch of people.}
\bibliography{yourbibfile}
\end{document}
P.S.
A few words about accessing and working with the jmlr.cls class.
The best way of course is always to use the installation process supported by the Latex distribution used. However, as the comments suggest, this isn't always easy to do. So here's a kind of bypass solution.
Obtaining the class
You can find it on ctan here. While you could read the .pdf from there, here probably the .zip file is more interesting:

Once you downloaded (just click on said link) and opened the zip file, it shows the typical TDS-structure. I.e. you'd copy each directory (i.e. its contents) to the appropriate directories on your system, AND most likely have to tell your distribution to update its database (so it really can find it).
Bypass
Without having tried it, this should work for you:
- open the zip file
- move to
/tex/latex/jmlr
- copy the 3 files to the same directory of your
conferencePaper.tex

When you now compile your conference-paper, it will look first locally (and happily finds the requested class), and via its database of Latex-packages elsewhere in the TDS-tree, if it doesn't find it locally.
Caveat
Please be aware that jmlr.cls loads more classes or packages. So you may end up with a very crowded conference-folder ... but it should work, at least.
However, with a few extra folders, e.g. /img for your images, a final release to the conference should still be "easy" to do.
Files
For your reference, this is the content in my confPaper folder (while the jmlr.cls is certainly loaded from the MixTex installation; I think I just put it there for inspection).

\RequirePackage[dvipdfmx]{graphicx}before\documentclassas the class used alredy loadsgraphicx– daleif Nov 24 '23 at 10:33l4dc2024-sample.texfrom your link and a random png file, and it worked without problems. I didn't change or add any\usepackagestatements, I just put\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{myfile.png}in the document body. Could you try if that works for you as well, i.e., use the template and change nothing except for the png? If yes, then you probably added something somewhere that causes the problem (such as another\usepackage{graphicx}call with different options) that is causing the issue, and removing that will solve the issue. – Marijn Nov 24 '23 at 15:33jmlr.clsis somehow broken, try to find if there is a modified version in the LaTeX path that takes precendence over the originally installed one and/or reinstall it from https://ctan.org/pkg/jmlr. It can also be that your particular PNG image is broken (for example that it is not a real PNG), you could try with another image to see if that works. – Marijn Nov 24 '23 at 15:35