Well, when you login in a RedHat based distro, you will land in your home directory which by default is in /home/user. In that directory you will find some hidden files/scripts that are executed in order to prepare your environment and other stuff.
Answer to question 1:
.bashrc and .bash_profile are the files that load all the variables you see when you run the printenv or env command. You can see those files by running ls -la in your home directory.
Answer to question 2:
The ps command by itselt won't show all the process that are running, you should run ps -ef instead. Of course you can filter that output using grep command like ps -ef|grep -i somethingtomatch or run the top command.
Run man ps and man top for more info about these utilities.