< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þwīnaną
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *dʰgʷʰey- (“to decline, perish”). According to Kroonen the development of the initial consonant cluster was unstable, leading to the doublets *dwīnaną and *swīnaną.
An older hypothesis compares Ancient Greek σῑ́νομαι (sī́nomai, “to damage, injure, devastate, plunder”), itself of disputed origin.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈθwiː.nɑ.nɑ̃/
Inflection
Conjugation of *þwīnaną (strong class 1)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *þwīnō | *þwīnaų | — | *þwīnai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *þwīnizi | *þwīnaiz | *þwīn | *þwīnazai | *þwīnaizau |
| 3rd singular | *þwīnidi | *þwīnai | *þwīnadau | *þwīnadai | *þwīnaidau |
| 1st dual | *þwīnōz | *þwīnaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *þwīnadiz | *þwīnaidiz | *þwīnadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *þwīnamaz | *þwīnaim | — | *þwīnandai | *þwīnaindau |
| 2nd plural | *þwīnid | *þwīnaid | *þwīnid | *þwīnandai | *þwīnaindau |
| 3rd plural | *þwīnandi | *þwīnain | *þwīnandau | *þwīnandai | *þwīnaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *þwain | *þwinį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *þwaint | *þwinīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *þwain | *þwinī | |||
| 1st dual | *þwinū | *þwinīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *þwinudiz | *þwinīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *þwinum | *þwinīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *þwinud | *þwinīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *þwinun | *þwinīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *þwīnandz | *þwinanaz | |||
Descendants
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þwīnan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 556
- Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*þwīnanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 432
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