I would say that it is not a good idea to try to apply geometric transformations to a Graphics object. One should better attack the geometric objects (the graphics primitives such as GraphicsComplex, Polygon, Line, Point, ...) inside a Graphics objects.
Let's start with the graphic you supplied. (Note that I specify a concise PlotRange in order to prevent myself from running into some problems with inconsistencies among the handling Options different plot types.)
g = PolarPlot[Exp[θ], {θ, 0, 10}, PlotRange -> {{-100, 100}, {-100, 100}}]

The relevant primitive here is Line as can be seen from the InputForm of g. In the following I Rotate anything that evaluates to True under RegionQ by Pi/3 about the point {0,0} and Translate it afterwards by {0,10}. Thanks to JEM_Mosig for pointing out that RegionQ can be used.
g /. {x_?RegionQ :> Translate[Rotate[x, Pi/3, {0, 0}], {0,10}]}

This should work with slight modifications for arbitrary plot types (also 3D plots) and for all graphics primitives.