Bug introduced in 10.0.0 and fixed in 11.0.0
A remark about the answer:
My work around is only nice for simple cases with points. More general should include proper polygons splitting on antimeridian.
I'd expect GeoGraphics to handle positions of points since they are provided with GeoPosition wrapper.
But it is not the case for every projection:
Table[
GeoGraphics[Point@GeoPosition[{0, 90}], GeoRange -> "World",
GeoCenter -> GeoPosition[{0, center}],
BaseStyle -> AbsolutePointSize@12,
GeoProjection -> i]
,
{center, {-180, 0}},
{i, GeoProjectionData[][[;; 5]]}
]

As we can see, when GeoCenter is not default {0,0}, some points are missing for couple of projections.
One can correct this manually but it is not consistent at all:
{##, GeoGraphics[Point@GeoPosition[#2], GeoRange -> "World",
GeoCenter -> GeoPosition[{0, -180}],
GeoProjection -> #]} & @@@ {
{"Equirectangular", {0, 90}}, {"Mollweide", {0, 90}}, {"Mollweide", {0, -270}}} // Grid

V11.0.0 edit
Grid@Transpose@
Table[GeoGraphics[Point@GeoPosition[{0, 90}], GeoRange -> "World",
GeoCenter -> GeoPosition[{0, center}],
BaseStyle -> AbsolutePointSize@12,
GeoProjection -> i], {center, {-180, 0}}, {i,
GeoProjectionData[][[2 ;; 7]]}]


GeoGraphicsnotGeoListPlot. Take a look at the answer I've added. – Kuba Jan 25 '15 at 17:09