The Bump Node is used in materials to simulate the appearance of displacement. Use this tag for questions about the use of the Bump node.
The Blender manual says that the Bump Node
generates a perturbed normal from a height texture, for bump mapping. The height value will be sampled at the shading point and two nearby points on the surface to determine the local direction of the normal.
or, in simpler language, it simulates the appearance of displacement without requiring geometry.
Use this tag for questions about the use of the Bump node.